The Inverted-U Principle

除了驅動理論外,另一個與理想「喚醒水平」有關的理論就是「倒U」理論(Inverted-U Principle;Yerkes與 Dodson,1908)。根據「倒U」理論,在某一程度之下,運動員的「喚醒水平」越高,其表現越好。但超過了這個程度之後,運動員的「喚醒水平」越高,其表現就會越差。

Lowe(1971)就曾驗証「喚醒水平」與棒球表現的關係。整體而言,其研究結果亦支持「倒U」理論。不過,其研究還有以下兩點重大的發現:(1)個別球員的「最理想喚醒水平」有所不同,及(2)任務的難度亦會影響到個別球員的「最理想喚醒水平」。其他學者的研究亦得到相類似的結果(Fenz 與 Epstein,1969:跳傘運動員;Klavora,1979;Sonstroem 與 Bernardo,1982:籃球運動員;Gould,Petlichkoff, Simons 與 Vevera,1987:射擊運動員;Burton,1988:游泳運動員)。

一般來說,如果任務只涉及簡單的動作,因為要求表現的水平一般較低,所以其「理想喚醒水平區」會較寬。亦即是說,「喚醒水平」無論是過高或過低,對這類任務的表現都不會構成重大的負面影響。反過來說,要是任務涉及到較為複雜的動作,因為要求表現的水平相對較高,所以其「理想喚醒水平區」亦會較窄。換句話說,只要「喚醒水平」稍為不足,又或者是偏高,都會對表現造成負面影響。

喚醒的管理
Arousal Managment

驅動理論
The Drive Theory


References

  1. Burton, D. (1988). Do anxious swimmers swim slower? Reexaminating the elusive anxiety-performance relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 45-61.

  2. Fenz, W. D., and Epstein, S. (1969). Stress in the air. Psychology Today, 3(4), 27-28, 58-59.

  3. Gould, D., Petlichkoff, L., Simoms, J., and Vevera, M. (1987). Relationship between Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 subscale scores and pistol shooting performance. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9, 33-42.

  4. Klavora, P. (1979). An attempt to derive inverted-U curves based on the relationship between anxiety and athletic performance. In D. M. Landers and R. W. Christina (Eds.), Psychology of Motor Behavior and Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

  5. Lowe, R. (1971). Stress, arousal, and task performance of Little League baseball players. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Illinois, Urbana.

  6. Martens, R. (1987). Coaches Guide to Sports Psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

  7. Sonstroem, R. J., and Bernardo, P. (1982). Intraindividual pregame state anxiety and basketball performance: A reexamination of the inverted-U curve. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4, 235-245.

  8. Yerkes, R. M., and Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology of Psychology, 18, 459-482.


Back to Psychological Aspects of Running

最近更新日期(Last Updated):2007-06-14