也許有人會堅持說:「成功的運動員是與生俱來的」,因為一些影響運動成績的重要因素,如最大攝氧量、紅/白肌肉纖維的比例、乳酸系統的能耐,及最高心跳率等,都在一定程度上受到先天條件的支配。但不少學者(Singer, 1986; Williams, 1989)則對這論調提出反駁,他們認為運動表現雖然受到先天條件的限制,不過運動訓練卻可以幫助我們把天賦的「本錢」發揮至極限,而且,運動訓練也是獲取最佳成績的不二法門。

  其實,不少有關的研究都曾顯示訓練能夠增進運動表現(Alexander, Martin & Metz, 1968; Faigenbaum et al., 1996; Mahon & Vaccaro, 1994; Mujika et al., 1995)。例如,Mahon與Vaccaro (1994)就曾研究一個為期十四星期(每星期三次)的跑步訓練計劃對八至十二歲青少年男童的影響,其研究發現經過訓練後,實驗組男童的最大攝氧量顯著地高於控制組男童。正如 Keul et al., (1996)所述,雖然遺傳或多或少都影響到運動的最佳表現,但身體質素(例:最大攝氧量)的改善卻肯定是後天訓練的成果。

  此外,一九八零年代英國一份歷時三載的研究“The Training of Young Athletes (TOYA) Study”亦指出運動訓練不但有助提高身體攝取氧氣的能力及加強肌肉的力量,而且更不會對青少年的生長及發育造成不良的影響。再者,他們亦發現運動員普遍都過著較為健康的生活方式,當中包括較其他孩童少看電視、吸煙及酗酒等(Baxter-Jones & Helms, 1996)。

  雖然訓練的而且確可以提高運動表現,但我們亦必須明白到訓練是一個漫長的過程,而且在這個漫長的過程中,所有的練習皆要循序漸進,方能達到預期的效果。經驗告訴我們,運動員要經過多年的苦練才能獲得最佳的表現(Astrand & Rodahl, 1986),冠軍級運動員甚致要練上八至十年的光景才能到達自己的頂峰(Sharkey, 1986)。正確的訓練當然能有效地改進身體各組織及系統的功能,但反過來說,操之過急往往只會弄巧反拙。Hopkins (1991)發現運動創傷的機率隨著訓練量的增加而有所提高,而且過半的創傷皆因過度或突然增加訓練量所致。因此,當安排運動訓練時,必須對以上各點有所警愓。

 


References

  1. Alexander, J.F., Martin, S.L., & Metz, K. (1968). Effects of a four-week training program on certain physical fitness components of conditioned male university students. The Research Quarterly, 39(1), 16-24.

  2. Astrand, P.-O, & Rodahl, K. (1986). Textbook of Work Physiology: Physiological Bases of Exercise (3rd ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

  3. Baxter-Jones, A.D.G., & Helms, P.J. (1996). Effects of training at a young age: A review of the training of young athletes (TOYA) study. Pediatric Exercise Science, 8, 310-327.

  4. Faigenbaum, A.D., Westcott, W.L., Micheli, L.J., Outerbridge, A.R., Long, C.J., LaRosa-Loud, R., & Zaichkowsky, L.D. (1996). The effects of strength training and detraining on children. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 10, 109-114.

  5. Hopkins, W.G. (1991). Quantification of training in competitive sports: Methods and application. Sports Medicine, 12(3), 161-183.

  6. Keul, J., Konig, D., Huonker, M., Halle, M., Wohlfahrt, B., & Berg, A. (1996).  Adaptation to training and performance in elite athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67(3), 29-36.

  7. Mahon, A.D., & Vaccaro, P. (1994). Cardiovascular adaptations in 8 to 12-year-old boys following a 14-week running program. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 19, 139-150.

  8. Mujika, I., Chatard, J-C, Busso, T., Geyssant, A., Barale, F., & Lacoste, L. (1995). Effects of training on performance in competitive swimming. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 20, 395-406.

  9. Sharkey, B.J. (1986). Coaches Guide to Sport Physiology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

  10. Singer, R.N. (1986). Peak Performance… and More. New York: Mouvement.

  11. Williams, M. H. (1989). Beyond Training: How Athletes Enhance Performance Legally and Illegally. Champaign, IL: Leisure Press.

 


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最近更新日期(Last Updated):2009-06-24